The Mexican Culture And Hegemonic Masculinity Essay

In the United States of America and across the world, do not accept homosexuality. It is considered a sin. It is rejected among many cultures. In the Mexican culture, hegemonic masculinity: the way a man uses control and power over others, presents a series of roles, attitudes and traits that men need to follow to be considered a man in society. Some of these traits are physical strength, goal oriented, having control and being the breadwinner of the family. When a man in the Mexican culture shows signs of homoerotic desires, they are basically put into a subordinate position in regards to other men in that culture. â€Å"In Mexico men are socialized under strict gender norms, where what is considered â€Å"feminine† is rejected...† (Lorano-Verduzco2015). In Mexico, the word homophobia has been associated with hegemonic masculinity as it allows other men to be perceived as more manly or masculine than other men. As Lorano-Verduzco pointed out â€Å"Mexican men are mo re homophobic than women, and that traditional masculine traits are associated with higher levels of homophobia than traditional feminine traits†. As homosexuality occurs, the extent to which it becomes a social problem varies with the attitudes that are taken by different cultures. One attitude that is taken into consideration is the difference between a passive homosexual or an active homosexual. Depending on the which type of homosexual that man decides to be, he will be subjected to a strong social condemnation or isShow MoreRelatedThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 PagesOther, components that relate to Black sexual Politics are the political structure and mass media. The development of ideologies portrayed by feminism, masculinity describes the attitude towards gender concerning power and weakness. Powerful representations of controlling images and stereotypes resembling the political structure pattern of culture and media. Mass media has evolved, yet the ideologies of maltreatment against the Black folks seem to sustain this connotation of ways society defines toRead MoreGen der, Gender And Gender Equality2685 Words   |  11 Pagesalternative sexual orientations or gender identities. Gloria Anzaldà ºa was born in the Rio Grande Valley near the Mexico border in Texas. This area she refers to as the â€Å"Borderlands† (Anzaldà ºa, 1987) because it is the juncture of two diverse cultures: American and Mexican. Due to a unique endocrine condition, she began menstruating at the age of three. This abnormal start in life solidified her internal gender classification: gender-queer. Due to this condition, her privates were always considered â€Å"a smellyRead MoreThe kitchen is arguably the last battle – ground for reproduction of gender relations in the western world. Discuss.2158 Words   |  9 Pagesroles by gender by many generations that determine the hierarchy of their society with the leading role of man. Counihan (2008:288) Swenson according to Weedon states that the patriarchal model still exists in the veiled form in the modern, urban culture and it is recorded in the social consciousness by new media and state authorities who referred to social, cultural and structural tradition. Weedon (1997) also describes gender as a socially produced and historically changing aspect of identity thatRead MoreAn Allegorical Reflection on the Mexican Revolution4344 Words   |  18 PagesReflection on The Mexican Revolution Gender, Agency, Memory, and Identity in Like Water for Chocolate Leah A. Cheyne, barwench99@hotmail.com April 30, 2003 Alfonso Arau’s Like Water for Chocolate (1993) can be read as an allegorical examination of the Mexican Revolution, tracing the effects of the conflicting ideologies underlying the revolution through the displacement onto the family structure. At once removed and central to understanding the narrative, this portrayal of the Mexican RevolutionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPublic Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political

The Structure Of A Social Unit - 987 Words

Short Answer #2 1) Political Organization- The basic definition our book gives is the structure of a social unit in terms of the allocation of power among individuals, roles, and groups (Heider, 2007, p. 450). The key term in this definition is power, how do we get another person to do things (Heider, 2007, p. 301). In anthropology, there are many classes of power that distinguish societies and their structures. There are four common categories consisting of tribal communities that have big men or chiefs, band organizations a nomadic, mobile group with informal leadership, chiefdoms that leads with bureaucracy or hierarchically, and nation-states organized by groups at various levels. Often times cultures are a combination political organization and all pay attention to leadership and power (Heider, 2007, p. 302). The importance of political organization is maintenance of order within the communities. This allows anthropologist and all individual to learn and compare communities, the social rel ations within the communities, and specific cultural hierarchies. Researchers can distinguish power structures and dynamics through the political organizations. They can also explore variations on communication between different tribes and values within the tribes by the types of organization. Living in Ghana, I learn about a variety of political organizations, all of the political types stated by in the definition were present. The entire country of Ghana is organized andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Nuclear Family On Modern Society950 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past few decades social scientists have been engaged debates about family change and influences in modern society, with one of the main themes being the strength and relevance of the nuclear family. 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Reflection of Organizational Learning and Development

Question: Discuss about the Reflection of Organizational Learning and Development. Answer: Introduction A learning and development technique plans to build up a workforce's abilities, aptitudes and skills to make a supportable, fruitful organization, and is an essential part of an organization's general business procedure. This paper inspects the part of learning and development methodology in giving a dream, which bolsters the administration of progress, improves representatives engagement and drives elite levels and business achievement (Cyert James, 2012). Innovativeness, knowledge and enthusiasm are key separation for ventures requiring propelled skills and aptitude, for example, the mechanical and development design segments, especially concerning achievement and winning business. This makes individuals valuable to a company. While skills and knowledge are replaceable in the long haul, there is a gigantic cost as far as supplanting staff and giving the fundamental support and preparation to update them. Kirkpatricks Four Levels of Evaluation In a journal by Easterby-Smith et al (2010), it was while composing his proposition in 1952 that Donald Kirkpatrick was distinctly keen on assessing preparation (training) programs. In a progression of articles distributed in 1959, he recommended a show for assessing preparation programs, however it was not until 1994, that he distributed "Assessing Training Programs: The Four Levels". As per Kirkpatrick, assessing preparation projects is fundamental for the accompanying reasons: To choose whether to keep offering a specific preparation program To enhance future projects To approve the reality and occupation as a preparation expert The above three points confirmed my prior beliefs about effective learning methods. The four-level model created by Kirkpatrick is currently generally utilized as a part of a measurement of preparation viability. According to the model, usually assessment ought to begin off with level one, trailed by levels two, three, and four if time and spending plans allow. Data from each past level serves as the establishment for the following level's assessment, offering, in stages, a precise perusing of the viability of the preparation program (Argote, 2011). The first level is the estimate or reaction it assesses how members/students respond to the preparation program or learning background. It tests waters by endeavoring to comprehend members' discernments. The second level measures the expansion in knowledge previously, then after the fact the preparation program. To do this, tests are led on members before preparation (pre-testing) and in the wake of preparation (post-testing). At this stage, assessment moves past members' responses to the recently obtained knowledge, skills, and demeanor of the learners assuming any. The third level surveys the change that has happened in members' conduct because of the preparation program. At this stage, all assessment concentrates on the center question Are the recently gained skills, knowledge, or disposition being utilized by the learners in their regular work field? A few mentors see this level as the most precise appraisal of a preparation program's prosperity. The fourth and last level tries to survey learning and development (training) with respect to business comes about, for instance, figuring out whether deals exchanges enhanced in the wake of staff training. Fundamentally, it is the basic analysis. Every now and again viewed as "the main issue", level four assessment measures how fruitful a preparation program is in a setting that is effortlessly comprehended by administrators and officials better creation levels, enhanced quality, reduction of costs, higher deals, cutting down rates, disappointments, wastage, resistance, quality evaluations, development, maintenance, and expanded benefits or degree of profitability (Argote, 2011). Blooms Taxonomy Wheel Various writing demonstrates Bloom's Taxonomy is a broadly acknowledged organizational structure to help understudies (students) in arranging the substance of their reasoning to encourage complex thinking. As per Argote (2012), Bloom's Taxonomy is good with the way in which the mind forms data to advance cognizance. Blossom built up this grouping framework for levels of scholarly conduct in learning. Blossom's Taxonomy contains three spaces: the subjective (cognitive), psychomotor, and full of feeling (affective). Moreover, inside the intellectual or cognitive area, Bloom recognized six levels: comprehension, knowledge, application, investigation, union, and assessment. This space/area and all levels are still helpful today in creating basic intuition skills in understudies. Blooms Taxonomy contradicted my prior beliefs concerning effective learning methods because he introduced another level union. Argote Ingram (2014) updated Bloom's Taxonomy to present a helpful system to instructors as they work to adjust educational programs, guideline, and appraisal. Essentially, the six level names were changed to verbs to depict thinking as a dynamic procedure. Knowledge changed to Remember, Application to Apply, and Comprehension to Understanding, Evaluation to Evaluate, Synthesis to create, and Analysis to Analyze. Make or Create (initially Synthesis) was moved to the sixth level, since the correction mirrored this level as containing basic and imaginative thought, demonstrating it to be a more elevated amount than Evaluate. The sorts of deduction were known as the Cognitive Dimension and are requested as far as expanding multifaceted nature. In the recently amended scientific categorization, a moment measurement came into being, the Knowledge Dimension. Four sorts of knowledge were distinguished: Procedural, Meta-cognitive, Factual, and Conceptual. For a long time now, teachers and instructional designers alike have utilized the ADDIE Instructional Design (ID) strategy as a system in designing and creating instructive and preparation programs (Walsh Ungson, 2011). "ADDIE" is an acronym for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. This grouping, in any case, does not force a strict straight movement through the means. Instructors, instructional designers and preparation engineers discover this approach exceptionally helpful since having stages obviously characterized encourages usage of powerful preparation devices. As an ID display, Addie Model has discovered wide acknowledgment and utilize. The ADDIE model depended on a before ID display, the Five Step Approach, which had been created by the U.S. Aviation based armed forces. The ADDIE demonstrates held this five-stage highlight, and included many sub-arranges inside each of the five expansive stages. Because of the various leveled structure of the means, one needed to finish the procedure in a direct manner, finishing one stage before beginning the following (Dodgson, 2013). Conclusion To pull in and hold abilities or skills, organizations need to furnish their representatives with the chance to learn and develop in their vocations. Accordingly, learning and development programs (LD) have turned into a basic ability-administration apparatus, helping pioneers, directors, and selection representatives (HR Managers) assemble their abilities or skills channel. Administration analysts have, as of late started looking at components inside organizations to clarify their prosperity and disappointment and, all the more particularly, how their focused positions are improved through prevalent knowledge. A few scholars have concentrated on assets, abilities, or capabilities. While others have looked at how organizations get and build up their skills after some time. There is likewise a developing assemblage of research on how firms can gain from, and grow new assets through vital organizations together with different firms. The lessons I have learnt is that it is more productive to combine the theories of learning and development, mentioned above. What I might do differently now is to structure learning methods in a clear, effective and comprehensive manner. References Argote L. and Ingram P. (2014) Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 82(1): 150169 Argote, L. (2011) Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge, Boston: Kluwer Academic Argote, L. (2012) Organizational learning research: Past, present and future, Management Learning, 42 (4): 439446 Cyert, R. and James G. (2012) A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell Dodgson, M. (2013) Organizational learning: a review of some literatures, Organization Studies 14.3 (1993): 375-394 Easterby-Smith M., Crossan M. and Niccolini D. (2010) Organizational learning: Debates past, present and future, Journal of Management Studies 37(6): 783796 Edmondson, A. C., Dillon J. and Roloff K (2016) Three perspectives on team learning: Outcome improvement, task master and group process. The Academy of Management Annals, Volume 1. Fiol, M. C. and Lyles, M. A. (2015) Organizational learning, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, pp. 803-13 Walsh J P. and Ungson G. (2011) Organizational memory, Academy of Management Review 16(1): 5791

The Computer Underground. Essay Example For Students

The Computer Underground. Essay The beginning of the electronic communication revolution that started with the public use of telephones to the emergence of home computers has been accompanied by corresponding social problems involving the activities of so-called computer hackers, or better referred to as the computer underground (CU). The CU is composed of computer aficionados who stay on the fringes of legality. The CU is composed of relatively intelligent people, in contrast to the medias description of the ultraintelligent and sophisticated teenage hacker. The majority have in common the belief that information should be free and that they have a right to know. They often have some amount of dislike for the government and the industries who try to control and commercialize information of any sort. This paper attempts to expose what the CU truly is and dispel some of the myths propagated by the media and other organizations. This paper also tries to show the processes and reasons behind the criminalization of the CU and how the CU is viewed by different organizations, as well as some of the processes by which it came into being. What the CU is has been addressed by the media, criminologists, secuity firms, and the CU themselves, they all have a different understanding or levels of comprehention, this paper attempts to show the differences between the views as well as attempt to correct misunderstandings that may have been propagated by misinformed sources. The differences between the parties of the CU such as, hackers, crackers, phreaks, pirates, and virus writers have rarely been recognized and some deny that there are differences thus this paper attempts to give a somewhat clearer view and define exactly what each party is and does as well as how they relate to one another. We will write a custom essay on The Computer Underground. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Every individual in the CU has a different level of sophistication when it comes to computers, from the height of the advanced virus writer and network hacker to the pirate who can be at the same level as a novice computer user. The prevalence of the problem has been dramatized by the media and enforcement agents, and evidenced by the rise of specialized private security firms to confront the hackers. The average persons knowledge about the CU has been derived mostly from the media. The media gets their information from former CU individuals who have been caught, from law enforcement agents, and from computer security specialists. The computer underground, as it is called by those who participate in it, is composed of people adhering to one or several roles: hacker, phreaker, pirate, cracker, and computer virus developer. Terms such as these have different meanings for those who have written about the computer underground, such as the media, and those who participate in it. The medias concept of the Computer Underground is the main cause of the criminalization of the activity and has largely occurred as the result of media dramatization of the problem (Hollinger and Lanza-Kaduce, 1988). In fact, it was a collection of newspaper and film clips that was presented to the United States Congress during legislative debates as evidence of the computer hacking problem (Hollinger and Lanza-Kaduce, 1988, p.107). Unfortunately, the media assessment of the computer underground displays a naive understanding of CU activity. The media generally makes little distinction between different types of CU activity. Most any computer- related crime activity can be attributed to hackers. Everything from embezzlement to computer viruses have, at one time or another, been attributed to them. Additionally, hackers are often described as being sociopathic or malicious, creating a media image of the computer underground that may exaggerate their ability for doing damage. The label ing of the CU and especially hackers as being evil is well illustrated by these media examples. The first is from Eddie Schwartz, a WGN-Radio talk show host. Here Schwartz is addressing Anna, a self-identified hacker that has phoned into the show: You know what Anna, you know what disturbs me? You dont sound like a stupid person but you represent a . . . a . . . a . . . lack of morality thatdisturbs me greatly. You really do. I think you represent a certain way of thinking that is morally bankrupt. And Im not trying to offend you, but I . . .Im offended by you! (WGN Radio, 1988)Another example is from NBC-TVs Hour Magazine featured a segment on computer crime. In this example, Jay Bloombecker, director of the National Center for Computer Crime Data, discusses the hacker problem with the host of the show, Gary Collins. Collins: . . . are they (hackers) malicious in intent, or are they simply out to prove, ah, a certain machismo amongst their peers? Bloombecker: I think so. Ive talked about modem macho as one explanation for whats being done. And a lot of the cases seem to involve proving that he . . . can do something really spiffy with computers. But, some of the cases are so evil, like causing so many computers to break, they cant look at that as just trying to prove that youre better than other people. GC: So thats just some of it, some kind of bet against the computer industry, or against the company. JB: No, I think its more than just rottenness. And like someone who uses graffiti doesnt care too much whose building it is, they just want to be destructive. GC: Youre talking about a sociopath in control of a computer! JB: Ah, lots of computers, because theres thousands, or tens of thousands of hackers. (NBC-TV, 1988)The medias obsession with the computer underground, that is generally labeled a s hacking, focuses almost entirely upon the morality of their actions. Since media stories are taken from the accounts of the police, security personnel, and members of the computer underground who have been caught, each of whom have different perspectives and 20 definitions of their own, the medias definition, if not inherently biased, is at best inconsistent. Criminologists, are less judgmental than the media, but no more precise. Labels of electronic trespassers(Parker, 1983), and electronic vandals (Bequai, 1987) have both been applied to the CUs hacking element specifically. Both terms, while acknowledging that hacking is deviant, shy away from labeling it as criminal or sociopathic behavior. Yet despite this seemingly non-judgmental approach to the computer underground, both Parker and Bequai have testified before Congress, on behalf of the computer security industry, on the danger of computer hackers. Unfortunately, their expert testimony was largely based on information culled from newspaper stories, the objectiveness of which has been seriously questioned (Hollinger and Lanza-Kaduce 1988 p.105). Computer security specialists, on the other hand, are often quick to identify the CU as criminals. Similarly, some reject the notion that there are different roles and motivations among the computer underground participants and thereby refu se to define just what it is that a hacker or phreaker does. John Maxfield, a hacker expert, suggests that differentiating between hackers and phone phreaks is a moot point, preferring instead that they all just be called criminals. The reluctance or inability to differentiate between roles and activities in the computer underground, as exhibited in the media and computer security firms, creates an ambiguous definition of hacker that possesses two extremes: the modern-day bank robber at one end, the trespassing teenager at the other. Thus, most any criminal or mischievous act that involves computers can be attributed to hackers, regardless of the nature of the crime. Participants in the computer underground also object the overuse and misuse of the word hacking. Their objection centers around the indiscriminate use of the word to refer to computer related crime in general and not, specifically, the activities of the computer underground: Whenever the slightest little thing happens involving computer security, or the breach thereof, the media goes fucking batshit and points all their fingers at us nasty hackers. Theyre so damned ignorant its sick (EN, message log, 1988). . . . whenever the media happens upon anything that involves malicious computer use its the HACKERS. The word is a catch phrase it makes mom drop the dishes and watch the TV. They use the word because not only they dont really know the meaning but they have lack of a word to describe the perpetrator. Thats why hacker has such a bad name, its always associated with evil things and such (PA, message log, 1988). I never seen a phreaker called a phreaker when caught and hes printed in the newspaper. You always see them Hacker caught in telephone fraud. Hacker defrauds old man with phone calling card. What someone should do is tell the fucken media to get it straight (TP2, message log, 1988). .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .postImageUrl , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:hover , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:visited , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:active { border:0!important; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:active , .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8 .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cc343bcc0b3791714bf23715cf883b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Geography Senegal: An In Depth Study Senegal Is A Republic Located In EssayThe difference between the different elements of the computer underground has been generally obscured by the media. Terms such as Cracker, Phreaker, Pirate, or Virus writer have been generally replaced with the all encompassing word HACKER. Each element is associated with the computer underground and some are bigger players than others but none of them can qualify individually as the total sum of all the elements. There are major differences between the elements of the CU that is rarely understood by someone on the outside. The use of the word hacker, which is now generally accepted to be part of the CU, has gone through drastic changes in definition. Hacker was first applied to computer related activities when it was used by programmers in the late 1950s. At that time it referred to the pioneering researchers, such as those at M.I.T., who were constantly adjusting and experimenting with the new technology (Levy, 1984. p.7). A hacker in this context refers to an unorthodox, yet talented, professional programmer. This use of the term still exits today, though it is largely limited to professional computing circles. The computer professionals maintain that using hackers (or hacking) to refer to any illegal or illicit activity is a corruption of the true meaning of the word. Bob Bickford, aprofessional programmer who has organized several programmer conferences, explains:At a conference called Hackers 4.0 we had 200 of the most brilliant computer professionals in the world together for one weekend; this cr owd included several PhDs, several presidents of companies (including large companies, such as Pixar), and various artists, writers, engineers, and programmers. These people all consider themselves Hackers: all derive great joy from their work, from finding ways around problems and limits, from creating rather than destroying. It would be a great disservice to these people, and the thousands of professionals like them, to let some pathetic teenaged criminals destroy the one word which captures their style of interaction with the universe. (Bickford, 1988). The more widely accepted definition of hacker refers to one who obtains unauthorized, if not illegal, access to computer systems and networks. This definition was popularized by the movie War Games and, generally speaking, is the one used by the media. It is also the definition favored by the computer underground. Both the members of the computer underground and professional computer programmers claim ownership of hacker, and each defend the proper use of term. However, since computer break-ins are likely to receive more media attention than clever feats of programming, the CU definition is likely to dominate simply by being used more often. A computer hacker could be defined as an individual, associated with the computer underground, who specializes in obtaining unauthorize access to computer systems. Hacking refers to gaining access and exploring computer systems and networks. Hacking encompasses both the act and the methods used to obtain valid user accounts on computer systems. Hacking also refers to the activity that occurs once access to another computer has been obtained. Since the system is being used without authorization, the hacker does not, generally speaking, have access to the usual operating manuals and other resources that are available to legitimate users. Therefore, the hacker must experiment with commands and explore various files in order to understand and effectively use the system. The goal here is to explore and experiment with the system that has been entered. By examining files and, perhaps, by a little clever programming, the hacker may be able to obtain protected information or more powerful ac cess privileges. Once a hacker has managed to gain access to a computer system he will generally try make sure that his activities are hidden so that he can keep access on the system. This is the difference between hacker and cracker. Unlike the hacker a cracker is only really interested in cracking the machine/system and once the feat is accomplished he is generally disinterested and leaves, he could be called the tourist of the hacking element. (Bill Landreth, Outside the Inner Circle)Another role in the computer underground is that of the phone phreak. Phone phreaking, usually called just phreaking, was widely publicized when the exploits of John Capn Crunch Draper, the father of phreaking, were publicized in a 1971 Esquire magazine article. The term phreaking encompasses several different means of getting around the billing mechanisms of telephone companies. By using these methods, long distance phone calls can be placed without cost. In ma y cases themethods also prevent, or at least inhibit, the possibility of calls being traced to their source thereby helping the phreaker to avoid being caught. Early phreaking methods involved electro-mechanical devices that generated key tones, or altered line voltages in certain ways as to trick the mechanical switches of the phone company into connecting calls without charging. This method of phreaking is generally called (color) boxing, where the type of box is referred to by a color such as blue boxing. However the advent of computerized telephone-switching systems largely made these devices obsolete. In order to continue their practice the phreaks have had to learn hacking skills. Phreaking and hacking have just recently merged, because now, the telephone companies are using computers to operate their network. So, in order to learn more about these computers in relation to the network, phreaks have learned hacking skills, and can now program, and get around inside the machines (AF, message log, 1988). For most members of the computer underground, phreaking is simply a tool that allows them to call long distance without amassing enormous phone bills. Because the two activities are so closely related, with phreakers learning hacking skills and hackers breaking into telco computers, reference is usually made to phreak/hacking or p/hackers. Those who have a deeper and more technically oriented interest in the telco (telephone company) are known as phreakers. They, like the hackers discussed earlier, desire to master and explore a system that few outsiders really understand: The phone system is the most interesting, fascinating thing that I know of. There is so much to know. Even phreaks have their own areas of knowledge. There is so much to know that one phreak could know something fairly important and the next phreak not. The next phreak might know ten things that the first phreak doesnt though. It all depends upon where and how they get their info. I myself would like to work for th e telco, doing something interesting, like programming a switch. Something that isnt slave labor bullshit. Something that you enjoy, but have to take risks in order to participate unless you are lucky enough to work for the telco. To have accessto telco things, manuals, etc would be great (DP, message log, 1988). Phreaking involves having the dedication to commit yourself to learning as much about the phone system/network as possible. Since most of this information is not made public, phreaks have to resort to legally questionable means to obtain the knowledge they want (TP2, message log, 1988). Most members of the underground do not approach the telephone system with such passion. Many hackers are interested in the phone system solely to the extent that they can exploit its weaknesses and pursue other goals. In this case, phreaking becomes a means and not a pursuit unto itself. Another individual, one who identifies himself as a hacker, explains: I know very little about phones . . . I just hack. See, I cant exactly call these numbers direct. A lot of people are in the same boat. In my case, phreaking is a tool, an often used one, but nonetheless a tool (TU, message log, 1988). In the world of the computer underground, the ability to phreak a call is taken for granted. The phone companies allowance the use of the credit cards for billing has opened the door to wide-scale phreaking. With credit cards, no special knowledge or equipment is required to phreak a call, only valid credit card numbers, known as codez, are needed to call any location in the world. This method of phreaking is generally called carding, it is generally looked on as the lowest form of phreaking as almost no technical skill is necessary.Another role in the computer underground is that of the software pirate. Software piracy refers to the unauthorized copying anddistribution of copyrighted software. This activity centers around computer bulletin board systems, and parts of the internet that specialize in warez. Pirates and phreak/hackers/crackers do not necessarily support the activities of each other, and there is distrust and misunderstanding between the two groups. At least part of thi s distrust lies in the phreak/hacker perception that piracy is an unskilled activity. A possible exception to this are those pirates that have the programming skills needed to remove copy protection from software. By removing the program code that inhibits duplicate copies from being made these individuals, which also go by the name crackers, contribute greatly to the easy distribution of warez. While p/hackers generally dont disapprove of piracy as an activity, especially cracking pirates, they nevertheless tend to avoid pirate bulletin boards and internet sites partly because there is little pertinent phreak/hack information contained on them, and partly because of the belief that pirates indiscriminately abuse the telephone network in pursuit of the latest computer game. One hacker illustrates this belief by theorizing that pirates are responsible for a large part of credit card fraud. The media claims that it is solely hackers who are responsible or losses pertaining to large te lecommunication companies and long distance services. This is not the case. We are (hackers) but a small portion of these losses. The rest are caused by pirates and thieves who sell these codes to people on the street (AF, message log, 1988). Other hackers complain that uploading large programs frequently takes several hours to complete, and it is pirate calls, not the ones placed by tele-communications enthusiasts (a popular euphemism for phreakers and hackers) that cost the telephone industry large sums of money. However, not all pirates phreak their calls. Phreaking is considered very tacky among elite pirates, and system operators (Sysops) of pirate bulletin boards discourage phreaked calls because it draws attention to the system when the call is discovered by the telephone company. .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .postImageUrl , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:hover , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:visited , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:active { border:0!important; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:active , .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515 .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15acb572300054cc6d0bd9cfa06e3515:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Critical Approach To Barn Burning (by William EssayFor the average computer user the most feared of the computer underground is that of the computer virus creator. Among the CU computer viruses are generally referred to as viri. Computer viruses are in themselves a very specific type of program but to the novice or low sophistication computer user, which the majority are, they are any program that can take over, damage or otherwise infiltrate, a computer. Program that qualify as trojan horses, logic bombs, or worms are often just called viruses. A virus is a self-replicating program that is capable of carrying a destructive or otherwise annoying payload while a trojan ho rse is a program that allows easy access to an already-penetrated system. It can also be used to facilitate a penetration by being tagged to a legitimate program so that when the host computer runs the program the trojan put itself in a position to allow the designer easy access. Logic or time bombs are similar to the trojans except that they wait for a specific circumstances or time to detonate a harmful payload. Logic bombs are often incorporated into a virus, if it is of the destructive variety, as their destructive payload. The worm is the most similar to a virus in that it also replicates, but it is generally designed to infect idle workstations or terminals on a network. Worms tend to exist in memory and are non- permanent, one must simply reboot to remove them, while the virus resides on disk where they are permanent until eradicated. There are two main types of virus writers, people whos main purpose is to create havoc for the computer user doing everything possible to sprea d their viruses. Then there are the people who arent interested in spreading their viruses but rather creating them as a mental exercise that involves figuring out better ways to evade detection or further empower their programming skills. The latter will often be composed of software engineers and highly skilled programmers while the primary tends to be a younger age group who are relatively unskilled in comparison. An example of this is a teenage viri writer called Little Loc who wanted to be the most dangerous virus writer in American, and attempted to prove it by writing a virus that became wide spread and know as the Satan Bug. On the other hand there are writers like Screaming Radish, who is Windows-application developer from Australia, his purpose in virus development is not destructive but rather to gain a better understanding of how anti-virus software works. He likes to reverse-engineer anti-virus software taking them apart to study what signatures it scanned for and what the software excludes from its scrutiny. Viruses made with that level of sophistication are becoming a type of digital currency in the computer underground where one can use them to trade for other information. (Jan Smith, 1994) Mark A. Lugwig, the writer of virus tutorials, had this to say: It is inevitable that these books will offend some people. In fact, I hope they do. They need to. I am convinced that computer viruses are not evil and that programmers have the right to create them, posses them and experiment with them. That kind of a stand is going to offend a lot of people, no matter how it is presented. Even a purely technical treatment of viruses which simply discussed how to write them and provided some examples would be offensive. The mere thought of a million well armed hackers out there is enough to drive some bureaucrats mad. These books go beyond a technical treatment, though, to defend the idea that viruses can be useful, interesting, and just plain fun. That is bound to prove even more offensive. Still, the truth is the truth, and it needs to be spoken, even if it is offensive. Morals and ethics cannot be determined by a majority vote, any more than they can be determined by the barrel of a gun or loud mouth. Might does not make right. The mass media has tended to sensationalize hacking, whilst soundly condemning it. But there other points of view: for example, in many instances the breaching of systems can provide more effective security in the future, so that other (presumably less well-intentioned) elements of the CU are prevented from causing real harm. A good llustration of this was the penetration of British Telecoms electronic mail system in1984, by Steven Gold and Robert Schifreen, which resulted in a rude message being left in none other than the Duke of Edinburghs account! This incident attracted enormous publicity and led directly to improved security arrangements for the whole of the Prestel system. Gold and Schifeen were therefore extremely indignant at being treated as criminals and this illustrates the discrepancy between what the law considers to be criminal behavior and how the CU often perceive themselves. (The Australian, 1988) We might therefore ask ourselves whether, for the sake of balance, a truly democratic society should possess a core of technically gifted but recalcitrant people. Given that more and more information about individuals is now being stored on computers, often without our knowledge or consent, is it not reassuring that some citizens are able to penetrate these databases to find out what is going on? Thus it could be argued that the CU represent one way in which we can help avoid the creation of a more centralized, even totalitarian government. This is one scenario the CU openly entertain. Indeed, we now know that at the time of the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster in the former Soviet Union, hackers from the Chaos Computer Club released more information to the public about developments than did the West German government itself. All of this information was gained by illegal break-ins carried out in government computer installations. REFERENCESThe Australian, 1988, January 26, Hackers found guilty after cracking Dukes codes. April 29, Lords clear British Hackers. Best, Joel and David F. Luckenbill. 1982. Organizing Deviance. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bequai, August. 1987. Technocrimes. Lexington, Mass.:Lexington Books. Bickford, Robert. 1988. Personal communication to Gordon Meyer. Chicago Tribune. 1989. Computer hacker, 18, gets prison for fraud. Feb. 15:2,1. Compuserve Magazine, 1994, Viruses: Gone or just forgotten?Forester, Tom and Morrison, Perry, 1990, Computer Ethics, Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. Hollinger, Richard C. and Lonn Lanza-Kaduce. 1988. The Process of Criminalization: The Case of Computer Crime Laws. Criminology 26:101-126. Levy, Steven. 1984. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Dell Publishing. Message Logs from a variety of computer underground bulletin board systems, 1988-1989. NBC-TV. 1988. Hour Magazine. November 2, 1988. Bill Landreth, 1985, Outside the Inner Circle. Microsoft publishingParker, Donn B. 1983. Fighting Computer Crime. New York: Charles Scribners Sons. Rosenbaum, Ron. 1971. Secrets of the Little Blue Box . Esquire October, pp. 116-125. Small, David. 1988. Personal communication to Gordon Meyer. WGN-Radio. 1988. Ed Schwartz Show. September 27, 1988.

Romeo And Juliet Details Essays - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Romeo And Juliet Details Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare is generally regarded as one of the greatest writers of English literature. Romeo and Juliet is considered one of Shakespeare's most popular plays of all time. It is a compelling and timeless drama about innocent, young lovers separated by their feuding families. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo Montague is the tragic hero. As the play develops, Romeo grows from boyhood to manhood through his change from lust to love. In the beginning of the play, Romeo is a little boy moaning over love. Sad because he is not with the women he believes he loves, "Bid a sick man in sadness make his will. Ah, word ill urged to one that is so ill!" . Never experiencing the true meaning of love; he prances around, acting as if he knows of true love. For example, He explains his emotions to be, "A madness most discreet, A choking gall, and a preserving sweet" (I, i, 191-192). He believes he is in love with Rosaline, "I do love a woman" but is only lust from a young man ( I, i, 203). It is lust because Romeo is easily persuaded by Benvolio to go to the Capulet ball to look upon other beautiful ladies, "Sups the fair Rosaline whom thou so loves; With all the admired beauties of Verona. Go thither, and with unattainted eye Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think they swan a crow" (I, ii, 85-89). Romeo enters the Capulet ball where he meets Juliet. At the ball, Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, "What lady's that, which doth enrich the hand/Of yonder knight?" (I, iv, 41-42). There is no turning back for him now. He does feel something, "Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night" (I, v, 51-52). Is it love at first sight? He is quick in his confession of love towards Juliet. It is not love but lust because hours before those same feelings were devoted to Rosaline, "She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow/Do I live dead that live to tell it now" (I, i, 221-222). Romeo is still young and wild at heart. His emotions are uncontrollable. He is not mature enough to know what he is feeling. Romeo chases Juliet to the balcony, and speaks softly to himself as he see her, "Her vestal livery is but sick and green, And none but fools do wear it. Cast it off" (II, i, 7-8), which has sexual meaning. Interpreted means, "You don't look good in those clothes so Take them off!". This is an example of lust at its highest peak. Also in the balcony scene, as Juliet is being called upon by the nurse, Romeo says, "O, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied," also being of sexual context (II, ii, 125). In astonishment, Juliet replies, "What satisfaction canst thou have to-night?" (II, ii, 126). Romeo replies back, "Th' exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine" (II, ii, 127). Only knowing Juliet for a matter of hours; he confesses his love, and has already forgot about Rosaline, "No. I have forgot that name and that name's woe" (II, iii, 46). Wanting to marry Juliet, Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence for help, "I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray, That thou consent to marry us to-day." (II, iii, 63-64). From this point, it does show that Romeo is starting to get serious about his affections towards Juliet. Without consent from their parents, Romeo and Juliet get married. The true Romeo is starting to emerge as he steps up to the manly responsibilities of marriage. After being married, Romeo is confronted by Tybalt. Romeo hesitates in fighting him, "I do protest I never injured thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise. Till thou shalt know the reason of my love; And so, good Capulet, which name I tender/ As dearly as mine own, be satisfied," because Tybalt is family to him now (III, i, 68-71). This is where Romeo shows the deepest passions of love towards Juliet. Fighting is the last thing on his mind. He does not permit himself to fight Tybalt because of his love towards Juliet. Tybalt, the villain he is, pushes Romeo into fighting him by killing Romeo's bestfriend, Mercutio. Romeo slays Tybalt, and is thereby banished by the Prince, "Immediately we do exile him hence" (III, i, 185). After Romeo

How to Write a Splendid Reflective Essay English 101 Basic Rules

How to Write a Splendid Reflective Essay English 101 Basic Rules A reflective essay is one of the papers a freshman should expect to be saddled with when studying a college English 101 course. To get the best score, you must first have an understanding of writing a basic English 101 essay. Before we get into the details, it is important for you to understand what a reflective essay in English 101 is all about. So here is a definition: a reflective essay is a piece of writing in which a student share his or her experiences either directly or indirectly with an intended audience. A reflective essay can also be used to shed light on some of the personal challenges you have come across. So how should a student go about writing an English 101 final exam essay? By sticking to the basics. Select a Catchy Topic The first step to writing about anything is coming up with your subject matter. To come up with English 101 essay topics for a subject such as international students and their migration experiences, you would need to dig deep to remember your own experiences as an exchange student or work with other people’s experiences. Once you have your topic figured out, you are ready to go. E.g. Weak topic: How I Moved to U.S. and Entered College Catchy topic: Unexpected Obstacles on My Way to the US College Nobody Mentioned Online Draft an Extended Outline Once your subject matter or topic has been chosen, the next step is to create an English 101 essay outline which takes into consideration the facts to be discussed. The best outline will definitely include how you intend to introduce your topic, the statistics to be included in your essay’s body and how you intend to conclude your essay. Use Captivating Introductions You will be writing a reflective essay on experiences; therefore, an introductory message that sets the tone on what led to that experience should be used. This gives the reader a sneak peek into what you intend to discuss while developing the body of English 101 essay assignment. When writing an essay on the international student’s migration, you can choose to discuss how difficult the experience is to individuals visiting and staying in a country for the first time. The introduction should touch on how gaining your admission gave you a joy that turned a bit sour in the end. E.g. Weak intro: Everyone knows, that moving to another country is difficult. It was difficult for me too. I expected it would be easier, but it wasn’t. Captivating intro: When President Trump claimed that Muslims cannot really assimilate in the U.S. I felt it as a personal challenge. Personalize the Content in the Body A reflective essay is about an individual’s experience or people’s experiences, therefore, the body of the essay has to evoke some emotions. The best way to get your reader to react is sharing personal experiences or facts that highlight why something was troubling, interesting or fun for you. You can also get started by writing an English 101 sample essay to help you arrange your thoughts. Finish with a Coherent Conclusion Every educational essay must have a conclusion and if you go through English 101 essay samples, you will know this is true. Therefore, include a conclusive statement that highlights how this experience changed you or its effects on the people it affects. So there you have it. The basic rules you need to follow when writing a reflection paper. E.g. Weak conclusion: It was a great experience for me and I am glad to share it with others. Strong conclusion: Despite [limitations, obstacles], this experience has changed me [in this and this way]. Welcome to college. Ensure that you soak in the environment and the knowledge that comes your way for it has a part to play in your future success.

Critical Thinking & Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking & Ethics - Essay Example Abortion is accepted in some countries and societies and in others it is against the law. However, in some cases abortion is allowed. Such cases where abortion may be allowed include cases where the pregnancy has to be terminated for the sake of the mother’s health. Today, the debate of whether abortion is ethical or unethical is very intense. Some people believe that a woman has the right to choose whether she is going to have an abortion or not since it is her who carries the pregnancy (Carter, p.43). However, most people feel that abortion is totally unacceptable, and it is never an option for any pregnant woman. They completely oppose abortion arguing that it has become a solution for careless sexual behavior especially among the young people. Such people opt for abortion because they are afraid of facing the outcomes of reckless sexual behaviors including pregnancy. In their view, abortion is totally unethical and immoral since it involves killing a living child and not some biological ‘thing’. Women who decide to have an abortion are at risk of developing breast and cervical cancers or even death as a result of the abortion process. These women are also more likely to have more abortions in future (Tribe, p.23) Abortion is not illegal in most developed nations. However, people still view abortion as an immoral act which is totally unacceptable. The fact that abortion is not illegal in such countries has in some cases led to abortions because of the sex of the baby. Some of the countries that have legalized abortion do not view it as being unethical. Such countries use abortion as a way of regulating population size, regulating certain groups of people in a population or as a way of improving the population. Such countries have continued to be criticized from many parts of the world for being unethical because of allowing abortion. Critics argue that these countries should promote the use of contraceptive instead of ending the lives